Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Dear. Mr. President Essay

Dear. Mr. President Essay Dear. Mr. President Essay Dear Mr. President, I am writing you about a problem that's very important to me and millions of Americans across the country. Global Warming is one of the biggest problems in human history and the destiny of our planet is in our hands. If nothing is done, horrible things will happen, for example, Antarctica's animal population is decreasing. Also, the environment is changing because of constant temperature changes caused by the greenhouse effect. Antarctica's animal population is moving and ending their hibernation's early. The polar bears are thinner and less healthy than those of 20 years ago. Many of fish are moving northward to find colder water, so that they can survive and produce offspring. This is happening because the rays of the sun get through the ozone layer melting the icecaps making the water heat up. The marmots end their hibernation three weeks earlier than usual because of the warm weather. We should care because if all these things are happening to the animal’s maybe they will eventually happen to us. I am also concerned about the environment changing because of constant temperature change, caused by the Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect is important. Without the Greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the Greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. So, Mr. President, Global

Friday, November 22, 2019

Off and On Compounds

Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds By Mark Nichol Off and on frequently appear as prefixes, but word structure can vary: Should the prefix be hyphenated to the root word, or should the entire word be a closed compound? This post lists examples of such terms. Prefixed words, like compound words, go through an evolutionary process. Unlike as is the case with compounds, however, there is no open phase. Online, offbeat, and the like derive from the idea of being â€Å"on a line† or â€Å"off the beat,† for example, but they never existed as â€Å"on line† or â€Å"off beat.† (â€Å"On line† is a dialectal variant of â€Å"in line,† referring to standing in a queue, but this sense is distinct from the notion of an electronic link.) However, the former did start out in hyphenated form, transitioning during the 1990s as web browsing went mainstream (though a few publications and organizations remain holdouts), while offbeat was coined as a closed compound. Closed off- and on- constructions are prevalent, but some hyphenated terms persist. Generally, however, if the word is a noun, it is closed. Consider the following: offshoot and offspring, and onlooker and onset. (However, off-ramp and on-ramp stubbornly remain hyphenated.) Adjectives seem to be more of a mixed bag: Besides offbeat and online, closed compounds include offsetting and ongoing and the pairs offside and onside, offshore and onshore, and offstage and onstage (all of which are occasionally seen hyphenated). But note the pairs on-air and off-air and off-screen and on-screen, as well as off-color, off-key, off-limits, and off-white. (A few such terms, such as off-screen and on-screen, occasionally appear closed.) Note that phrases beginning with off or on that serve to modify a noun are hyphenated before it, as in â€Å"off-the-cuff remarks† and â€Å"on-the-job injuries.† Treatment after the noun varies, however, according to whether the phrase is permanent or temporary. Off-the-cuff, which appears in dictionaries, is rendered as such after the noun (â€Å"remarks made off-the-cuff†), while â€Å"on the job† is not considered a standing phrase, so it is not hyphenated when it follows a noun (â€Å"injuries that occurred while an employee was on the job†). How does one know the difference between such phrases? One keeps a list or consults a dictionary, or both. Unfortunately, one of these strategies, or a combination of the two, is essential also for confirming the style for terms prefixed by off or on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire10 Types of Transitions20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Off and On Compounds

Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds By Mark Nichol Off and on frequently appear as prefixes, but word structure can vary: Should the prefix be hyphenated to the root word, or should the entire word be a closed compound? This post lists examples of such terms. Prefixed words, like compound words, go through an evolutionary process. Unlike as is the case with compounds, however, there is no open phase. Online, offbeat, and the like derive from the idea of being â€Å"on a line† or â€Å"off the beat,† for example, but they never existed as â€Å"on line† or â€Å"off beat.† (â€Å"On line† is a dialectal variant of â€Å"in line,† referring to standing in a queue, but this sense is distinct from the notion of an electronic link.) However, the former did start out in hyphenated form, transitioning during the 1990s as web browsing went mainstream (though a few publications and organizations remain holdouts), while offbeat was coined as a closed compound. Closed off- and on- constructions are prevalent, but some hyphenated terms persist. Generally, however, if the word is a noun, it is closed. Consider the following: offshoot and offspring, and onlooker and onset. (However, off-ramp and on-ramp stubbornly remain hyphenated.) Adjectives seem to be more of a mixed bag: Besides offbeat and online, closed compounds include offsetting and ongoing and the pairs offside and onside, offshore and onshore, and offstage and onstage (all of which are occasionally seen hyphenated). But note the pairs on-air and off-air and off-screen and on-screen, as well as off-color, off-key, off-limits, and off-white. (A few such terms, such as off-screen and on-screen, occasionally appear closed.) Note that phrases beginning with off or on that serve to modify a noun are hyphenated before it, as in â€Å"off-the-cuff remarks† and â€Å"on-the-job injuries.† Treatment after the noun varies, however, according to whether the phrase is permanent or temporary. Off-the-cuff, which appears in dictionaries, is rendered as such after the noun (â€Å"remarks made off-the-cuff†), while â€Å"on the job† is not considered a standing phrase, so it is not hyphenated when it follows a noun (â€Å"injuries that occurred while an employee was on the job†). How does one know the difference between such phrases? One keeps a list or consults a dictionary, or both. Unfortunately, one of these strategies, or a combination of the two, is essential also for confirming the style for terms prefixed by off or on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire10 Types of Transitions20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Off and On Compounds

Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds By Mark Nichol Off and on frequently appear as prefixes, but word structure can vary: Should the prefix be hyphenated to the root word, or should the entire word be a closed compound? This post lists examples of such terms. Prefixed words, like compound words, go through an evolutionary process. Unlike as is the case with compounds, however, there is no open phase. Online, offbeat, and the like derive from the idea of being â€Å"on a line† or â€Å"off the beat,† for example, but they never existed as â€Å"on line† or â€Å"off beat.† (â€Å"On line† is a dialectal variant of â€Å"in line,† referring to standing in a queue, but this sense is distinct from the notion of an electronic link.) However, the former did start out in hyphenated form, transitioning during the 1990s as web browsing went mainstream (though a few publications and organizations remain holdouts), while offbeat was coined as a closed compound. Closed off- and on- constructions are prevalent, but some hyphenated terms persist. Generally, however, if the word is a noun, it is closed. Consider the following: offshoot and offspring, and onlooker and onset. (However, off-ramp and on-ramp stubbornly remain hyphenated.) Adjectives seem to be more of a mixed bag: Besides offbeat and online, closed compounds include offsetting and ongoing and the pairs offside and onside, offshore and onshore, and offstage and onstage (all of which are occasionally seen hyphenated). But note the pairs on-air and off-air and off-screen and on-screen, as well as off-color, off-key, off-limits, and off-white. (A few such terms, such as off-screen and on-screen, occasionally appear closed.) Note that phrases beginning with off or on that serve to modify a noun are hyphenated before it, as in â€Å"off-the-cuff remarks† and â€Å"on-the-job injuries.† Treatment after the noun varies, however, according to whether the phrase is permanent or temporary. Off-the-cuff, which appears in dictionaries, is rendered as such after the noun (â€Å"remarks made off-the-cuff†), while â€Å"on the job† is not considered a standing phrase, so it is not hyphenated when it follows a noun (â€Å"injuries that occurred while an employee was on the job†). How does one know the difference between such phrases? One keeps a list or consults a dictionary, or both. Unfortunately, one of these strategies, or a combination of the two, is essential also for confirming the style for terms prefixed by off or on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire10 Types of Transitions20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Off and On Compounds

Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds Off and On Compounds By Mark Nichol Off and on frequently appear as prefixes, but word structure can vary: Should the prefix be hyphenated to the root word, or should the entire word be a closed compound? This post lists examples of such terms. Prefixed words, like compound words, go through an evolutionary process. Unlike as is the case with compounds, however, there is no open phase. Online, offbeat, and the like derive from the idea of being â€Å"on a line† or â€Å"off the beat,† for example, but they never existed as â€Å"on line† or â€Å"off beat.† (â€Å"On line† is a dialectal variant of â€Å"in line,† referring to standing in a queue, but this sense is distinct from the notion of an electronic link.) However, the former did start out in hyphenated form, transitioning during the 1990s as web browsing went mainstream (though a few publications and organizations remain holdouts), while offbeat was coined as a closed compound. Closed off- and on- constructions are prevalent, but some hyphenated terms persist. Generally, however, if the word is a noun, it is closed. Consider the following: offshoot and offspring, and onlooker and onset. (However, off-ramp and on-ramp stubbornly remain hyphenated.) Adjectives seem to be more of a mixed bag: Besides offbeat and online, closed compounds include offsetting and ongoing and the pairs offside and onside, offshore and onshore, and offstage and onstage (all of which are occasionally seen hyphenated). But note the pairs on-air and off-air and off-screen and on-screen, as well as off-color, off-key, off-limits, and off-white. (A few such terms, such as off-screen and on-screen, occasionally appear closed.) Note that phrases beginning with off or on that serve to modify a noun are hyphenated before it, as in â€Å"off-the-cuff remarks† and â€Å"on-the-job injuries.† Treatment after the noun varies, however, according to whether the phrase is permanent or temporary. Off-the-cuff, which appears in dictionaries, is rendered as such after the noun (â€Å"remarks made off-the-cuff†), while â€Å"on the job† is not considered a standing phrase, so it is not hyphenated when it follows a noun (â€Å"injuries that occurred while an employee was on the job†). How does one know the difference between such phrases? One keeps a list or consults a dictionary, or both. Unfortunately, one of these strategies, or a combination of the two, is essential also for confirming the style for terms prefixed by off or on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire10 Types of Transitions20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Biology - Essay Example While the cannabinoid constituent may be free of central brain activity, it may possess potential therapeutic characteristics due to its anti-convulsant and myo-relaxant characteristics. In addition, the THC constituent in marijuana has attenuation effects such as tachycardia and euphoria. The mechanism of cannabinoids in effecting these changes is not clear since it is not possible to explain them through receptor binding (Shapiro, 2011). For the purpose of this study, THC alone will be studied in the process of sleep and sleep latencies, in the morning, after administration of marijuana. Research Question What are the effects of marijuana on the sleep patterns of young adults? Hypothesis Marijuana causes reduced sleep latency and increases sleepiness. Methodology The subjects who were incorporated in the study were between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, weighing between sixty and ninety kg for males and fifty and eighty kg for females. Their body mass index was supposed to b e below thirty. The subjects were also required to have little incidence of medical history and were removed from the study if they had familial history of insomnia or daytime sleepiness, schizophrenic illnesses, and emotional or psychiatric problems (Solowij, 2010). Those taking more than 14 U of alcohol a week, smoking more than five cigarettes a day, and taking over five caffeinated beverages a day were also excluded. Inclusion required blood pressure measurements, oral temperature measurements, and hearty rate measurements. Those with blood pressure over 140/90 and a heart rate below 40 during rest were excluded. All subjects were required to use barrier methods during sex during the study, and that if they were on hormonal treatments, then they could not discontinue its use. The subjects consisted of four females aged between 20 and 22 years and 4 males between 24 and 30. The females weighed an average of 61.3kg and the males weighed an average of 74.7 kg. They were also social marijuana users and reported not using the drug for 30 days before the study, which was confirmed by a drug screen. The subjects also did not have any history of caffeine, tobacco, or alcohol abuse, confirmed by a drug screen that included tests for amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opiates (Solowij, 2010). Their alcohol intake was also below 8 U/week for females and 20 U/week for the males. The independent variable for the study is sleep while the dependent variable is marijuana. The research study was a placebo-controlled and double blind experiment with observations of THC and CBD effects on sleep patterns the day after administration. There was a night for adaptation and four nights for the experiment that were separated by one week. The participants were required to sleep at their usual time, and refrain from catnaps and exercise during the day before the experimental nights and were also required to refrain from exercise at least twelve hours following the experimental nights. The participants were chauffeured to the sleep lab for the experimental nights. During the adaptation night, the participants were familiarized with the experiment and to confirm that they possessed a normal pattern of sleep. Caffeine and alcohol ingestion was prohibited during the adaptation night for twenty-four hours with smoking prohibited five hours before the sleep-over (Solowij, 2010). The participants

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Community Oriented Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Oriented Policing - Essay Example One major aspect of this approach is the effort to prevent crime rather than just addressing it after the fact. By focusing on the role of police and the community in recognizing factors that lead to crime and resolving those issues rather than just relating to a crime scene, prevention of crime can be the final result. The philosophy behind this system is full-service personalized policing, working with citizens to identify and solve problems (California, 2008). Studies have shown that the main strategies commonly used in the police department-rapid response, reactive arrest, and random patrol-do not necessarily deter crime (OJJDP, 2004). No matter how quickly an officer responds to a crime scene, injury is often caused within seconds and response time has no real benefit in preventing the crime. Reactive arrest, in response to observed and reported crime, should discourage an individual from committing a similar crime in the future, but that has not been the case, especially with the number of juveniles engaged in crime. Reactive arrest has little effect on juvenile crime. The third strategy, random patrol, is not what the community considers the best use of police resources. The chance of apprehending a criminal by chance has not warranted random patrols as a system of crime deterrence. WitNew Approaches to Crime Prevention With the present efforts to include members of a community in the prevention of crime, COPPS is being put into place throughout the United States. With quality contacts between police and citizens, less crime will occur and knowing what causes crime will minimize occurrences of crime. Some of the benefits realized by this innovative system are as follows (OJJDP, 2004; California, 2008): Surveillance of residential neighborhoods by residents themselves can deter crime. Police can gain information from informal interactions with residents. Interaction with residents also improves residents' ability to protect themselves. When the public respects the police and are confident of police protection, likelihood of crime is reduced. Community involvement establishes new public expectations of and measurement standards for police effectiveness. Involvement requires constant flexibility to respond to all emerging issues. It decentralizes police services/operations/management. It shifts focus of police work from individual incidents to addressing problems identified by the community. The main areas of concern that might lead to crime in a community are based on population, age, economic standing, type of housing, community interaction, employment and education. One area in which crime is most likely is in low-income housing complexes. This type of housing has incurred low esteem through its lack of attractive design and proper maintenance. There is a sameness about this type of property that does not encourage pride of place. The people who live in these units are often unemployed and lack specific skills. Depression, drug dependency, and alcoholism are apt to exist because of inability of tenants to raise their standard of living. Anderson (2001) offers Spelman and Eck's model of three components necessary for crime to

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Fast food Essay Example for Free

Fast food Essay 1 Departm ent of Clinical Biochem istry , Gentofte Hospital Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark of Hum an Nutrition, Centre for Adv anced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ ersity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denm ark 2 Departm ent Correspondence: A Astrup, Departm ent of Hum an Nutrition, RVA Univ ersity , 1 9 58 Frederiksberg C, Denm ark. Em ail: ast @kvl. dk Abstract. Although nutrition experts might be able to navigate the menus of fast-food restaurant chains, and based on the nutritional information, compose apparently healthy meals, there are still many reasons why frequent fast-food consumption at most chains is unhealthy and contributes to weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Fast food generally has a high-energy density, which, together with large portion sizes, induces over consumption of calories. In addition, we have found it to be a myth that the typical fast-food meal is the same worldwide. Chemical analyses of 74 samples of fast-food menus consisting of French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/hot wings) bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries in 2005–2006 showed that the total fat content of the same menu varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC. In addition, fast food from major chains in most countries still contains unacceptably high levels of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (IP-TFA). IP-TFA have powerful biological effects and may contribute to increased weight gain, abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. The food quality and portion size need to be improved before it is safe to eat frequently at most fast-food chains. Key words: trans-fat t y acids, fast food, energy densit y Introduction In the documentary film Super Size Me, the character Mr Spurlock ate McDonalds food three times a day for 30 days and gained 11 kg. It is quite obvious that one can purposely overeat on almost any diet, but the film raises the question of whether fast food poses a special health risk. To what extent this behaviour is a realistic trait in the general population, and to what extent fast-food consumption contributes to obesity and other morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, is still debatable. Before drawing any conclusion as to whether there are causal links between intake of fast foods and disease, ideally randomised trials should be conducted to provide robust evidence on this issue. However, it is highly unlikely that such trials comparing frequent and infrequent fast-food consumption will ever be carried out. We therefore have to rely on observational epidemiology and on mechanistic studies. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 1/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy Epidemiological studies A number of observational studies have assessed the association between frequent fast-food intake and weight gain. The American population study Cardia suggests that frequent fastfood consumption is positively associated with weight gain and risk of insulin resistance over 15 years. Individuals who had meals at fast-food restaurants more than two times a week gained 4. 5 kg more weight and had a 104% greater increase in insulin resistance, at both baseline and follow-up, than individuals who ate less than one fast-food meal per week. 1 This study was the first long-term project to find that people who frequently expose themselves to fast foods are at increased risk of weight gain over time and of developing type 2 diabetes. The study had several limitations such as the population size of only 3000 individuals and the fact that self-reported information about diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors has inherent measurement errors. These factors, however, would normally tend to underestimate the strength of the identified associations. Other observational studies have to some extent supported the existence of a causal link. However, observational studies cannot prove that the association between fast-food consumption and weight gain is causal. It remains possible that frequent fast-food consumption is simply a marker for a generally unhealthy lifestyle (e. g. , less restrained eating behaviour, fatty and sweet food preferences, and a sedentary lifestyle), factors which are the real culprits in weight gain and in the increased risk of diabetes. Although every effort is made to adjust for potential confounders, one cannot adjust for unmeasured or unmeasurable lifestyle factors. Mechanisms by which fast food can be obesogenic Portion size. Despite the above-mentioned limitations in epidemiological observational studies, most of us would accept that the link between intake of fast foods and weight gain is causal because there are several mechanisms whereby fast foods could produce weight gain. At least two important features of fast food could explain why fast food is fattening, namely, large portion sizes and high-energy density. It is well established that the bigger the portion size, the more we consume. 2 Portion sizes of burgers, fried potatoes, pizzas, and soft drinks at fast-food outlets have all increased 2–5-fold over the last 50 years. 3 Energy density In addition to large portion sizes, fast food is also characterised by high-energy density, that is high energy-content/food-weight ratio. The energy density of the entire menu at fast-food outlets is typically 1100 kJ/100 g. 4 This is 65% higher than the average British diet ( 670 kJ/100 g) and more than twice the energy density of recommended healthy diets ( 525 kJ/100 g). Humans have only a weak innate ability to recognise foods with high-energy density and to downregulate the bulk eaten to meet energy requirements appropriately. 4 Industrially produced trans fat. French fries and fried meat from fast-food outlets contain high amounts of industrially produced trans-fatty acids. Trans fats are fats in margarines, spreads, and frying oils, produced by industrial hardening of vegetable or marine oils, to make the product more stable and robust for handling and storage. The hardening results in the creation of a so-called trans double bonds in the fatty acids of the lipids, in contrast to the normally occurring cis double bonds. This increases the melting points of the fats, thereby increasing shelf-life. Trans-fatty www. nature.com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 2/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy acids are also found naturally in meat from ruminants and in dairy products, but not nearly to the same extent as in industrially produced trans fat (up to 5%, as compared to up to 60% in fats), and not of the same types as in IP-TFA. In a worldwide study of the content of IP-TFA in fast foods, biscuits, and snacks, we found contents of IP-TFA ranging up to 50% of the fat in the products, enabling consumers to ingest 36 g of IP-TFA in a single meal in the US. 5 A daily intake of 5 g trans fat, corresponding to 2 energy percent, is associated with an approximately 30% increase in CHD risk. 6 Observational studies have found that a high intake of IP-TFA is stronger associated to the risk of weight gain and gain in abdominal fatness than to the intake of other fat sources. 7 Although unaccounted residual confounding cannot be ruled out, other sources of research support that the relationship is causal. First, IP-TFA serves as ligands for the PPAR- system and can exert a biological effect that promotes abdominal obesity. 6 Second, a recently reported long-term randomised trial in monkeys delivers robust evidence that IP-TFA induces weight gain and abdominal obesity. Kavanagh et al. 8 reported their findings at the 66th ADA meeting in Washington, D. C. For over 6 years monkeys were fed two different isocaloric, western-style diets that contained either 8% of their calories from trans fat or the same amount of fat calories as cis-monounsaturated fat. After 6 years, the IP-TFA fed monkeys had gained 7. 2% in body weight, compared to a 1. 8% increase in body weight in monkeys fed with cis-monounsaturated fats. CT scans showed that the monkeys on the trans-fat diet had deposited 30% more abdominal fat than the monkeys on the cismonounsaturated fat diet. Taken together these studies suggest that IP-TFA is obesity promoting, and that they particularly facilitate the deposition of the harmful abdominal fat associated with CHD. These findings can contribute to explaining why high intakes of IP-TFA may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 9 Fat content in fast-food menus To select more healthy choices at the fast-food restaurants, nutritional labelling must be both available and accurate. While most chains provide nutritional information about total calories, calories from macronutrients, and fibre content of their products, we do not think that the average consumer who eats at a fast-food chain has the time or ability to make a reasonable estimate of health consequences of such meals or their contribution to the days caloric intake. The results of our analyses of total fat and trans fat in 74 French fries and fried chicken (nuggets/hot wings) samples bought in McDonalds and KFC outlets in 35 countries during 2005–2006 are given in Figure 1. The figures represent the total fat and trans fat content in 160 g of chicken meat and 171 g of French fries, corresponding to a large serving at an American McDonalds outlet. In these meals the total fat content varies from 41 to 65 g at McDonalds and from 42 to 74 g at KFC; the trans fat content varies from 0. 3 to 10. 2 and 0. 3 to 24 g, respectively. The differences in total fat content can – at least in part – be due to local taste preferences, but this is not the case for trans fat, which does not add a special flavour to the food. The results show that the same product, by the same provider, can vary in fat calorie content by more than 40%, and in trans fat content by several orders of magnitude. This demonstrates that the same product, unknown to the consumer, can vary substantially in its compliance with recommendations for healthy food. Figure 1. The entire length of the bar (both colours included) indicates the am ounts of total fat in a large fast-food m eal consisting of 1 7 1 g French fries and 1 6 0 g chicken nuggets. The darker colour indicates the am ounts of industrially produced trans fat. The v alues in parenthesis are the am ounts of trans fat as a percentage of total fat. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 3/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy Full figure and legend (305K) Conclusions Fast-food restaurant chains may argue that the evidence linking their products to the supersizing of their customers is too weak. But should not the customer be given the benefit of the doubt? Appropriate actions would include reducing portions to normal sizes, eliminating industrially produced trans fat, and selling burgers of lean meat, whole grain bread/buns, fatreduced mayonnaise, more vegetables, lower-fat fried potatoes, reduced-sugar soft drinks, etc. Moreover, reliable nutritional information should be given by the chains, which requires better standardisation of the foods used. 10 Although these measures may raise prices, such changes in fast-food meals would have no adverse health effects but quite the opposite! References 1. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs Jr DR et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005; 365: 36–42. | Article | PubMed | ISI | 2. Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res 2004; 12: 562– 568. | PubMed | 3. Young LR, Nestle M. Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: implications for nutrition counseling. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 231–234. | Article | PubMed | ISI | 4. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 187–194. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 5. Stender S, Dyerberg J, Bysted A, Leth T, Astrup A. A trans world journey. Atheroscl Suppl 2006; 7: 47–52. | Article | 6. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1601– 1613. | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 7. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W et al. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 719–727. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | 8. Kavanagh K, Jones K, Sawyer J, Kelly K, Wagner JD, Rudel LL. Trans fat diet induces insulin resistance in monkeys. Diabetes Care 2006. Proceedings of 66th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association: Abstract 328-OR. www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 4/5 1/3/14 International Journal of Obesity Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy 9. Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1019– 1026. | PubMed | ChemPort | 10. Astrup A. Super-sized and diabetic by frequent fast-food consumption? Lancet 2005; 365: 4–5. | Article | PubMed | Acknowledgements SS and JD declare no conflict of interest. AA is medical advisor for Weight Watchers, and is member of several advisory boards for food producers. The Department of Human Nutrition receives/has received research funding from over 50 Danish and international food companies. Otherwise, I declare no conflict of interest. International Journal of Obesity This journal is a m em ber of and subscribes to the principles of the Commit t ee on Publicat ion Et hics. ISSN 03 07 -056 5 EISSN 1 4 7 6 -54 9 7 About NPG Privacy policy Nat urejobs Cont act NPG Accessibilit y st at ement Use of cookies Legal not ice Nat ure Asia Nat ure Educat ion Help Terms RSS web feeds Search: go  © 2 0 1 4 Na t u r e Pu blish in g Gr ou p, a div ision of Ma cm illa n Pu blish er s Lim it ed. A ll Rig h t s Reser v ed. pa r t n er of A GORA , HINA RI, OA RE, INA SP, ORCID, Cr ossRef a n d COUNT ER www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/full/0803616a. html 5/5.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Canada Is Becoming Too Americanized Essay -- essays research papers

Canada Is Becoming Too Americanized Today Canada and the United States are major trading partners, allies, and two neighboring countries with a long history of cooperation with each other. But is it possible for Canada to protect its independence and culture living next door to the country so powerful and rich as the United States. Since the Canadian confederation, Canada started developing relations with the U.S. As the years passed by, Canada began to relay on the United States in the national defense. Many Canadians think that the military, political and economical dependence would not make a difference to their daily life. But today more then even Canadian culture is affected by the American influence. Media, American artists, economic dependence, American propaganda and political pressure from the United States is making Canada too Americanized. All of these factors reflect on the social life of ordinary Canadians threatening the heritage and the traditions that define Canada as independent country. Canada and the United States are the largest trade partners in the world. It is the result of the geographical position of two countries and the free trade between two countries. It should be a great thing for the economies of both countries, but since the North American Free Trade Agreement was signed, American businesses almost took over the Canadian economy. When the American companies started to make more business in Canada, it brought more jobs and money to the country in the short-term. But as a long-term effect Canadians became even more depended on the U.S. as the American companies started dominating Canadian companies in Canada. Also, today Canadian manufacturers have little protection from the government when ch... ...m industry, which is the largest in the world. From the movies and shows people see the life style, American life style. They are becoming more Americanized every time when they watch a film where American marines one again save the world. A huge part of American movie industry is based on propaganda movies. And this is not all, bois in the information programs such as CNN and ABC sometimes can be completely misinformed. Finally, if the comparison were ever made a survey, it would really show the full scale of Americanization in Canada. But until now we can only see from the daily life, how American culture is inviting Canada. Today more then ever, Canadians are in real danger of loosing their national identity. It is unfortunate that if the study of this cultural influence will be done few years later, it might be too late to save Canadian culture and identity. Canada Is Becoming Too Americanized Essay -- essays research papers Canada Is Becoming Too Americanized Today Canada and the United States are major trading partners, allies, and two neighboring countries with a long history of cooperation with each other. But is it possible for Canada to protect its independence and culture living next door to the country so powerful and rich as the United States. Since the Canadian confederation, Canada started developing relations with the U.S. As the years passed by, Canada began to relay on the United States in the national defense. Many Canadians think that the military, political and economical dependence would not make a difference to their daily life. But today more then even Canadian culture is affected by the American influence. Media, American artists, economic dependence, American propaganda and political pressure from the United States is making Canada too Americanized. All of these factors reflect on the social life of ordinary Canadians threatening the heritage and the traditions that define Canada as independent country. Canada and the United States are the largest trade partners in the world. It is the result of the geographical position of two countries and the free trade between two countries. It should be a great thing for the economies of both countries, but since the North American Free Trade Agreement was signed, American businesses almost took over the Canadian economy. When the American companies started to make more business in Canada, it brought more jobs and money to the country in the short-term. But as a long-term effect Canadians became even more depended on the U.S. as the American companies started dominating Canadian companies in Canada. Also, today Canadian manufacturers have little protection from the government when ch... ...m industry, which is the largest in the world. From the movies and shows people see the life style, American life style. They are becoming more Americanized every time when they watch a film where American marines one again save the world. A huge part of American movie industry is based on propaganda movies. And this is not all, bois in the information programs such as CNN and ABC sometimes can be completely misinformed. Finally, if the comparison were ever made a survey, it would really show the full scale of Americanization in Canada. But until now we can only see from the daily life, how American culture is inviting Canada. Today more then ever, Canadians are in real danger of loosing their national identity. It is unfortunate that if the study of this cultural influence will be done few years later, it might be too late to save Canadian culture and identity.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

External Communications Anaylsis †Walt Disney Corporation Essay

Public relations have always realized the importance of communication with its target audiences. Without it, an organization runs the risk of inconsistent public opinion from both its internal and external publics. Effective external communication is a vital part of an organizations public relations strategy. An organization may have several objectives in mind when it communicates with its external publics. Some of these include: Providing information to consumers about the organizations products and services Promoting the organization Respond to inquires concerning the organizations products and services Adverting the organization This paper will examine the effectiveness of the Walt Disney Company’s communications process when promoting its 1995 film, Pocahontas. This paper will also discuss impact of these effective communications to its external publics. Walt Disney once said, â€Å"I only hope that we don’t lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse.† In 1928, Walt Disney and his brother Roy created what would eventually become the Walt Disney Company, in a small office in Los Angeles. One would be hard pressed to find an organization that knows it audience more accurately than the Walt Disney Company. For over 75 years, Disney has been appealing to children and their parents in not only the United States, but also worldwide (Harris, 167). Disney released its very first full-length feature animated film, Snow White, in 1937, to critical acclaim and worldwide success. The 1940’s and 50’s produced films such as Fantasia, Bambi, and Alice in Wonderland. These films became instant classics and the Walt Disney Company found what every company dreams of – a recipe for success. After the success in the early 1990’s with Beauty and The Beast, Aladdin, and especially the record breaking, The Lion King, Disney needed to find a way to keep its momentum going for its next animated feature film, Pocahontas. In order to attract public interest, Disney began promoting the film five months before the film’s scheduled release, in June 1995. A Disney source says the campaign for Pocahontas â€Å"is every bit as great as it was for The Lion King. In some aspects, it’s even greater† (qtd in Broeske). Disney went on to fuel the media frenzy with a Pocahontas press presentation in New York’s Central Park on January 31, 1995 (Broeske, 8). Not only did Disney begin promoting the film early, they also launched a 24-city mall display that offered mall goers a â€Å"sneak peek† at the process of creating an animated film. The mall attraction also included a 26-foot replica of John Smith’s ship in which kids could climb and explore (Harris, 168). The mall attraction generated hundreds of thousands of visitors and gathered local publicity in every city reached from February through June 1995 (Harris, 168). Disney also teamed up with such brands as Nestlà © TM, Mattel TM, and Payless Shoe Source TM, in order to reach its target audience. By offering animated candy bars, doll figures of the main characters, Pocahontas and John Smith, and offering Native American-style moccasins, Disney was able to cross into the hands of its key target – children. In early June, Disney’s CEO Michael Eisner went on to invite all New Yorkers to participate in a free lottery for tickets to preview Pocahontas, once again in Central Park. Over 500,000 people participated in the lottery and 100,000 lucky winners won the opportunity to see the film on four 120-foot screens (Harris, 168). The impact surrounding the public relations strategies in promoting the Pocahontas film was unprecedented by Disney. In response to the overwhelming success of The Lion King, Disney executives knew they needed to generate a high level of interest in Pocahontas. The story itself, for the first time in Disney history, is based on American History. While there is still a  debate between scholars as to whether Pocahontas’ role in history was accurate, this version focuses on the love story between her and Captain John Smith, a British settler (Broeske, 8). While history dictates that most children do not like movies based on history, Pocahontas proved that opinions could be changed, as it brought over $300 million in box office sales before finally being released on VHS and DVD. The Walt Disney Company name is synonymous with words like wholesome, family values, and moral. Disney’s longstanding popularity with children and adults alike has fueled this media juggernaut into one of the largest corporations in the world. Essential to the success of all of the public relations activities was Disney’s efforts to leave no stone unturned in its attempts to generate unprecedented interest in its new film, Pocahontas (Harris, 169). Works Cited Broeske, Pat H. â€Å"The Pocamotion.† Entertainment Weekly. 260 (1995): 8 Harris, Thomas L. Value Added Public Relations – The Secret Weapon of Integrated Marketing. Chicago: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Madonna Case Study

Question 1 Described and explain the strategy being followed by Madonna in term of the explanation of competitive strategy given in Chapter 6. Answer 1 Table 2: Bowman’s strategy clock Based on the Bowman’s strategy clock above, we identify strategies been used in her albums through the years below; Lucky Star 1982 Trashy pop – lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the Christian cross, and bleached hair. Young wannabe girls, dovetailing from fading disco to emerging ‘club scene’influential among young girls and women 1. ‘No frills’ – combines a low price, low perceived product/service benefits and a focus on a price- sensitive market price Like a Virgin- Like a Prayer(first number one album on the U. S. lbums chart) 1984 Originally a Marilyn glamour image, then became a saint and sinner She performed the song at the first MTV Video Music Awards – trademark â€Å"Boy Toy† belt and cruc ifix jewelry More grown-up rebellious fan base, more critical female audience and male worshippers – featured role in â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† – embarked on her first concert tour in the U. S. in 1985 titled The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys. 2. Low price – risk of price war and low margins; need to be cost leader Vogue Erotica Bedtime Stories (eighth U. S. umber-one single -Academy Award-winning song) 199019921994 Erotic porn star, sadomasochistic, sexual control, more minelli in Cabaret than Monroe signed an endorsement deal with soft drink manufacturer Pepsi debuted her new song, â€Å"Like a Prayer†, in a Pepsi commercial and also made a music video for it. Peculiar mix of target audiences: gay club scene, 1990s’ women taking control of their own lives, also pure male titillation -Madonna's first publication Sex, a book consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images – caused media controversy but sold 500,000 copies in the U.S. 3. Hybrid – seeks simultaneously to achieve differentiation and a price lower than that of competitors Something to Remember Evita (won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Original Song From a Motion Picture also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy) 1995 Softer image, ballads preparing for glamour image of Evita film role Broadest audience target, picking up potential film audiences as well as regular fan base – designed to appeal to the mature audience that would be the target of Evita. Most conventional image.Max Factor later used this mixture of Marilyn and Eva Peron to market its glamour image 4. Differentiation – seek to provide products or services that offer benefits that are different from those of competitors and that are widely valued by buyers. Ray of Light – (U. S. top 5 singles – won three Grammy Awards – won a Grammy for â€Å"Best Short Form Music Video. â€Å") 1998 E arth mother, Eastern mysticism, dances music fusion – album influenced by electronica, techno, and trip-hop, thereby updating her classic dance-pop sound for the late '90s. â€Å"Most adventurous record. â€Å") Clubbing generation of the 1990s, new cohort of fans plus original fan base of now 30somethings desperately staying trendy – used by Microsoft in its advertising campaign to introduce Windows XP. 5. Focus differentiation – strategy seeks to provide high perceived product/service benefits justifying a substantial price, usually to a selected market segment (niche) Music 2000 Acid rock, tongue in cheek Miss USA/cow girl, cool Britannia – having a video which depicts murders by car, was banned by MTV and VH1.Managing to hit the changing club scene and 30-something Brits – starred in the film Swept Away a commercial and critical failure and released straight-to-video in the UK. 6. Increased price/standard value – higher margins if comp etitors do not follow; risk of losing market share American Life 2003 Militaristic image Che Guevara Anti-consumerism of American dream – Madonna kissed the heirs to her throne, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera — and then got the two of them to make out with each other.Unclear audience reliant on existing base – sold 4 million copies, the lowest selling album of her career. The release of Madonna's successful children's book, -The English Roses, which was followed by several more novels in future years. 7. Increase price/low price – only feasible in monopoly situation Confession on a Dance Floor 2005 Retro-1980’s disco imagery, high-motion dance-pop sound Strong gay-icon audience, pop-disco audience, dance-based audience – radio stations were boycotting Madonna's singles because she publicly spoke of disapproval against the war n Iraq. 8. Low value/standard price – loss of market share Hard Candy (Most successful release from the album, reaching #1 in twenty-seven countries worldwide including the United World Chart and becoming one of Madonna's biggest-selling singles. ) 2008 ‘M by Madonna' clothes collection, which was designed by Madonna for H&M consist of classic designs and accessories which reflect Madonna’s timeless, unique and always glamorous style. Madonna sliced away at genre straightjackets like a surgeon, opening the doors for the future hip-hop explosion. U. S. Canada, North & South America and European concert tour â€Å"Sticky and Sweet† in promoting her new album – Madonna's adding a new twist to a whole new distribution model the mobile handset Samsung and Sony Ericson. Focus differentiation – strategy seeks to provide high perceived product/service benefits justifying a substantial price, usually to a selected market segment (niche) Madonna’s new album Hard Candy 2008 has rebuild her strategy from ultimate failure to focused differentiation as her new album has an urban vibe, while remaining a dancepop record at heart.Stuart Price, the producer of Confessions on a Dance Floor, described the new album as moving in an urban direction. It had initially been defined as having â€Å"a lot of producers from a lot of genres in there. † The Sun proclaiming that â€Å"it could be her most ambitious project yet†, while The New York Times reviewed the album as â€Å"a set of catchy, easily digestible, mass-appeal songs†. (Wikipedia 2008) Question 2 Why has she experienced sustained success over the past two decades?Answer 2 For stay maintaining in entertainment industry Madonna has use a ways of attempting to sustain advantage through differentiation ; Create difficulties of imitation – Factors that can make strategies difficult to imitate. ? Music genre Madonna always changed her music genre in her new album and her music genre never been the same genre from one album with other album. For example in her ear ly career the music genre her bring is Trashy pop and for current album the genre was urban vibe. Targeted audiences Madonna always set her target audience with her new album release in market and her target audience is different for each album. For example in album Ray of Light her target audience was Clubbing generation of the 1990s and for album Confession on a Dance Floor the target was Strong gay-icon audience. ? Style or Image Madonna style and image always changed with her new album release in market and not many celebrities willing to do the same thing with Madonna because its take a higher cost.For example that we can give here about Madonna style or image is in her album name Music here image was Acid rock, tongue in cheek Miss USA/cow girl and in album Like a Virgin like a Prayer her image is originally a Marilyn glamour image. ? Trademark The trademark of Madonna was her dance, which is her dance for all albums is different from one and other and for all album Madonna ha s set her own dance. For example in album Ray of Light the dance step was a classic dance pop and for album hard candy the dance step is more to hip hop. Sex appeal As what we know Madonna like to show her sex appeal to public and it’s was her attraction to make her fans buy her album or watch her movie. Her sex appeal is hard to imitate by other celebrity because her has her own persona of sex appeal that other artist didn’t has and also Madonna really confident with her sex appearances in public. Create a situation of imperfect mobility – The capabilities that sustain differentiation cannot be traded. Her self Something that cannot being change or imitate by other celebrity is Madonna voice. Even her now already 25 years in entertainment industry but she still can maintain her vocal establish and didn’t has any singer have a similar voice like Madonna, ever her singing style also cannot be imitate by other singer and it never change until now. ? Tradema rk As we know Madonna trademark was her dance, and Madonna dance step is difference from other celebrity because it has an own style and persona while her dance.Madonna and dance is something that we cannot change because Madonna started her career in entertainment industry with dance and until now she still with her interesting in dance. ? Sex appeal Sex and Madonna is one of the thing that we cannot change because Madonna always come out with her sexuality story in media and it’s like something compulsory to Madonna in this entertainment industry. Most of Madonna fans also know her because of her sex appeal story and not because her talent in music.Establish a lower cost position – Competitors can allow an organization to sustain better margins that can be reinvested to achieve and maintain differentiation. ? Album All Madonna album was receive a good feed back from her fans and most of her albums are sold more than what she expected because a price of her album was an affordable and anybody can buy it. Not just that, the quality of her album also appropriate with the price given and make her fans feel satisfied. Tour / Concert In all Madonna tour most of the ticket is sold out and it’s proving to us that Madonna concert get an excellent reception from her fans. Her ticket price also affordable and the place divided also make all her fans can watch her performances in suitable situation. Not just that, Madonna basically has a surprise to her fans in her performance. Question 3 What might threaten the sustainability of her success? Answer 3 There have several factors that can be threatening the sustainability of Madonna successful in entertainment industry and the factor is: ?Her own self Her own self can be the biggest threat for her future career in show business because with her habit like to present the controversy in media will arrive the negative impact for her in long term. After 25 years in music industry she always makes the nega tive controversy and it will make the fans keep bored with the bad story about their idol. If that happen, Madonna career also will goes down and it’s hard for her to wake up again after that. ? Criticism Madonna gets too many criticisms along her career because of the controversy that her always make when her new album need to release in market.Maybe for her it’s just the trick to promote her new song and just a part of her marketing strategy, but for the other parties who give the critic to her will feel that Madonna is wrong icon for them because don’t know how to care her fans sensitivity. ? New artists with new talents Now days too many new talent or star came out in entertainment industry and it will give bad impact to Madonna because most of the new generation likes to watch and give their support to new artists compare than the oldies.Most of the new artist now has a new talent that we can’t see from the previous evergreen generation. So that Mado nna should work harder to make sure her reputation will not go down and can become a diva forever. ? Reality shows The reality show also can be the biggest threat for Madonna in music industry because of too many reality shows playing in television now and the contestant for the program also has a big talent and their idea also new and fresh. When the new talented star will come out from that reality shows, it will give pressure to Madonna to stay in entertainment industry for a long term. Sex appearances Madonna and sex appeal is synonym in entertainment industry because her always like to show her sex appearance to public more compare to promoted her album or films. Most of her story in magazine or from paparazzi is about her sex appeal is too much and have a one time her well known as a sex icon more than a singer or movie star and it’s can become a threats to her because her sex story more than her album or movie story. ? Competitor As we know all celebrity has their own competitor in entertainment industry and it’s goes same to Madonna.For her latest competitor in music industry was a Britney Spears. It is because Britney and Madonna do a come back in music industry almost in the same time and when the time that downfall of Madonna, Britney also face the same situation as Madonna. Not just that, Madonna and Britney also well known as a celebrity who like to do a controversy and always come out with their sex appearance in public. Conclusion Madonna rocketed to stardom so quickly in 1984 that it obscured most of her musical virtues.Appreciating her music became even more difficult as the decade wore on, as discussing her lifestyle became more common than discussing her music. However, one of Madonna's greatest achievements is how she manipulated the media and the public with her music, her videos, her publicity, and her sexuality. Arguably, Madonna was the first female pop star to have complete control of her music and image. Madonna named al so list as a one of People Magazine's '50 Most Beautiful People of 1991†², and '25 Most Intriguing People of 2001†².It is because Madonna has her own Image, music genre and targeted audiences for each albums that been produced in market. She also was the first global brand name to make content delivered to mobile phones seem downright dope. Not just for consumers in Asia and Europe, who'd long been exposed to any number of mobile content and marketing campaigns, but to mobile newbie’s who just happen to be the ultimate arbiters of pop culture cool: America's teenagers. Madonna has been dubbed â€Å"one of the greatest pop acts of all time† and dubbed â€Å"The Queen of Pop† by some media.She is ranked by the Recording Industry Association of America as the best-selling female rock artist of the twentieth century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States with 63 million certified albums. Guinness World Records list her as the world's most successful female recording artist of all time and the top-earning female singer in the world with an estimated net worth of over US$400 million, having sold over 200 million records worldwide. On March 10, 2008, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Btech Hnd Essays

Btech Hnd Essays Btech Hnd Paper Btech Hnd Paper t Lo1 understand the background to organisational strategic change 1. 1 Identify models of strategic change that is appropriate for British airways strategic change 1. 2 Discuss how your chosen strategic change model is relevance British airways in the current economy 1. 3 Discuss the benefits of your chosen strategic change models as intervention techniques in British airways Lo2 understand issues relating to strategic change in an organisation 2. 1 Based on the case study discuss why you think British airways need change 2. Assess the factors that are driven the need for strategic change at British airways 2. 3 Assess the resource implication of British airways not responding to strategic change L03 stakeholders in developing a strategy for change 3. 1 Identify a system involving stakeholders in the planning of change at British Airways 3. 2 Analysis the change management strategy of British airways with stakeholders 3. 3 Evaluate the systems used by British airways to involve stak eholders in the planning of change 3. 4 Were there ant resistance to change? If so explainLo4 planning to implement models for ensuring on-going change 4. 1 How would you develop appropriate model for change for British Airways 4. 2 based on the case explain how you would plan and implement a model for change for British Airways 4. 3 How would you develop appropriate measure to monitor progress at British Airways. 1. 1 Identify models of strategic change that is appropriate for British airways strategic change Models of strategic change that are appropriate for British airways are; John kotter worked out on 8 step model ,in this 8 steps of model first four steps focus on DE freezing of any organisation similarly ext three make the changes in organisation and last step refreezes the organisation with new culture. According to change management gurus if any organisation need changes effectively and significantly it is best if they follow 8 steps in order mention below; * Increase urge ncy for change * Team building for change * Making vision * Communicate vision * Remove obstacles * Create short-term goals * Consolidate improvements * Make it culture ADKAR change model is another powerful model in change management which bring change in individuals and any organisation effectively.This model is simple to learn, focus on the outcomes and action taken for change and make sense during change of any organisation and individuals. There are five major steps in ADKAR models which are * Change need awareness * Willingness to participate in and support the change * Knowledge about change * Required skills and behaviours implementation for change * Reinforcement to sustain the change 1. 2 Discuss how your chosen strategic change model is relevance British airways in the current economy In the case of British airways the driving forces to change is reduction of staffing levels on the long-haul flight.According to Kotter’s 8 steps model it helps to identify and discus s about the need of change and its urgency, it helps to build strong team that guide the company, identify and requite skilled matched people in right place for right job, it also help to established a vision and strategy for an organisation with the view to deliver quality services. It helps to communicate the essentials, simply and appeal and responds to people’s needs as in British airways it identify the reason and what they want from strike and responds positively. It helps to remove the obstacles and provide eedbacks with the view support the stakeholders of the organisation like after identification of abstract of strike they came to the decision of agreement which includes two-year pay deal and return of travel perks for thousands of staff who took part in 22 days of walkout, which nearly cost British airways ? 150m. It also helps to leaders of the organisation what steps is good to move on, also helps to make plan and create corporate culture as in British airways it gives ACAS conciliation services a role in arbitrating the cases of staff that were sacked during dispute and end the dispute of British airways . 3 Discuss the benefits of your chosen strategic change models as intervention techniques in British airways Intervention technique helps to bring positive changes in the organisation, some of the benefit of using change model as intervention technique helps to make all the change strategy goals should be clear to all stakeholders, it should be relevant to all people as all relevant people are included on its change. All change activities should be structure in such way that make high profit and success of the organisation. This includes both experience and conceptual learning.It shows how to do and what to do in the change process. it helps to make sure all the staff of the company as well as client know how to solve the problem which can be used for future decision making process and adopting change in the environment. The intervention technique in British airways is change in the management of organisation like Williams replace Willie Walsh as a chief of British airways parent, international airlines group. Use of diagonal task force to change the plan, downsizing the staffing, emphasising on open communication, new performance based compensation system and peer support groups through change process. . 1 Based on the case study discuss why you think British airways need change In any organisation change management is the essential for the growth and development of its organisation. Most of the changes happens in an organisation are cultural change, business process re-engineering and empowerment and so on. There are different reason that initiate the need for change in an organisation like force to change, by telling, by participatory and by transforming changes.Financial, technological, economic, environmental are some of the situations to mode of change. According to case study, British airways need change due to economic crisis which is crisis to the Eurozone crisis from subprime crisis, another need of change is changes in the market condition that is increase in the competition of low cost airlines, merging with other new airlines and one of the major need of change according to case study is the revolt by the working staff which is also called as management problems. 2. Assess the factors that are driven the need for strategic change at British airways The factor for strategic change at British Airways can be internal or external forces such as economic, political, technological, ownership change, customer dissatisfaction, and loss of key personnel in the organisation and so on. According to British airways main driven factor of change is due to cutting down the benefit of staff and cost of the labour. Due to this British airways loss their market share and also the staff of the British airways goes on strike on different condition basis.Due to which British airways passenger faced th reat of summer strike. Problems of over-staffing after the merger and staff reduction strategy of British airways due to which different strike by British airways with the agreement of two-year pay deal and return of travel perk for staff lead to change strategy of British airways 2. 3 Assess the resource implication of British airways not responding to strategic change Change made in on organisation may be bad or good, some of the change does not resist in the change process.Those factor can be lack of awareness about the change that is going to happen, low tolerance of change, misunderstanding, fair of failure when change in done, peer pressure and so on and to adopt the change it will be difficult to the people as they were familiar with yesterday’s reality of work. Due to which different problems like disruption, stress, missed objectives, low valued employee and finally the failure of organisation to adopt change could lead.Similarly in British airways when change is don e to cut staffing where staff did not accept the change and goes for the strike which affect externally and internally to the British airways. 3. 1 Identify a system involving stakeholders in the planning of change at British Airways During the planning of change in British airways shareholders, chief executive, employee, union, supplier, government body, financial provider, are involved. Stakeholder are involved in the problem solving of the cut down on cabin crew staff due to which economic crisis is face by the British airways.There are different means of communication methods by which British airways can involve its stokeholds in decision making process so they don’t have to face any problem in the future. They can uses letters or email, they can arrange meeting, internet, website and through different advertising media. So they can discuss using this system by involving the stokeholds to plan the change which helps British airways in making change planning for future. 3. 2 Analysis the change management strategy of British airways with stakeholders Change management of British airways arePeople first policy Managing people Organisation culture To make British airways the world’s no 1 airway, British airways driven with marketing favour rather than process driven company. In this strategy individual is given target and want to achieve best possible goal. It also make aware about the marketing competitive in the environment and know the customer needs and expectation. Managing people is important strategy which helps in the movement of different management level of employee and different training program is introduce for managing the management level.It also includes the employee promotion and respect to competency and values are given top priority. Organisation of culture is another strategy which helps giving directing and right track to the staff of the organisation; British airways have traditional values, attitudes and belief which enable the new culture in the British airways. According to the case study of British airways change management strategy, British airways inform the change strategy to the shareholder of the company but the reason is that staff of the company is failed to inform.For the change management of British airways they impose the change strategy to cut the number of staff working in the British airways without have proper communication with the stakeholders, where we can see there is lack of staff involved in their planning process. 3. 3 Evaluate the systems used by British airways to involve stakeholders in the planning of change There are different systems used by British airways while planning the change in which stakeholders of British airways are involved on it. Local communities Environmental issues customersBritish airways Competitors shareholders employees suppliers media They used two way communication systems by using mailing systems as they realised they need customer feedback which he lps in further planning of the British airways, British airways concern with its brand so they use powerful social media like radio, television news application, and British airways website. They used twitters which help British airways to in touch with the customer of British airways. They use different marketing media for promotion and in problem-solving of customer.During the change in British airways stakeholders take part in the meeting at Heathrow to support the pace deal and also they make an agreement of two year pay deal and return of travel perks for the staff for those people who attend and take part during the strike. 3. 4 Were there any resistance to change? If so explain Yes, there is resistance of change in the British airways. Due to strike of British airways there are many problems customer of British airways facing may problems this the British airways decided to end the strike by providing the compensation the crew member which includes the deal of 2-years pay dea l nd return of travel perks for staff due to which British airways get loss of ? 150 million after that British airways’ crew member stop strike and end in peace. After that British airway develop better relationship with the staff of the company and plan different strategy which helps British airways to be successful in the future. 4. 1 How would you develop appropriate model for change for British Airways Lewin’s model is the best model I can use for British airways change management. Unfreeze, change and refreeze are the three structure based on this model.Due to the economic crisis in the British airways, it implemented several cost cutting measure like British Airways decision of cutting down staffing level on long haul flight along with cutting down perks of the staff. Which lead to loss up to ? 150m by several walkouts which is the unfreeze stage of British Airways, which is failed by British airways to carry out. In stage of change is most difficult which is fa iled by British Airways and began downsizing. Change is another stage which is comes out after unfreeze stage, in this stage new plan is implemented which have to adopt by the organisation.It helps to redirect beliefs and attitude toward the new direction. It takes time for people to adopt required change and to act positive to change. British Airways face a lots of competition from low cost airlines hence British Airways compromised on luxurious offered and cut the prices down. Refreeze is the final stage of change. Changes on this stage must be utilized on everyday activities and also organisation feel must safe at this stage of change. This stage increases the confidence, performance and comfort of the employee level. This stage should be carried out effectively.Activities and objectives also should be clear to the employee at this stage 4. 2 based on the case explain how you would plan and implement a model for change for British Airways According to lewin’s change model, we can plan and implement some changes in the British airways, unfreezing stage is the 1st steps of change management where British airways have to unfreeze the present pattern of behaviour and manage the resistance to change. This stage can be used to downsizing the workforce, which is done by British airways by cutting the staff from 52,300 to 35,000. It helps to reduce the hierarchical evels in the British airways and work is done with easy by improving the performance of organisation. To support this stage different tanning program is launched by British airways and introduce the policy of putting people first and managing people first as a slogan. In this stage top level management in British airways is change by appointing new CEO. The second stage of lewin’s model is change, in this stage movement is done, where in British airways number of internal changes happen like airways structure and system is changed for example new bonus system is introduce and new terminal i s open I. . opening of terminal 4 at Heathrow airport. Also British airways buy chartridge house where different training program is done for the staff of British airways Refreezing is the last stage of lewin’s model, it involves direct changing organisational culture, how conflict is manage and decision is made, how open people are with each other and so on. In British airways to stop the strike agreement of two year deal and returns of travel perks for thousands of staff done which cost British airways loss of ? 150 million. 4. How would you develop appropriate measure to monitor progress at British Airways? Progress in British airways is measured by using different fact and figure; some of the measures are shown below. Customer recommendation in %; it can be measured by conducting customer survey program and get proper recommendation by customer. it also helps to show how the customer experience will affect in the future profitability of British airways. years| Customer re commendation in %| 2009/10| 63| 2008/09| 65| 2007/8| 59| 2006/07| 61| 005/6| | This shows target level of customer recommendation in year 2009/10 is 65%, it helps to know the performance of British airways is strong but they fail to reach the target due to different changes happen in the British airways. Progress of British airway also measured by conducting different survey like providing online comment and getting feedback from customer, making report about satisfied customer and customer how are not satisfied by services provided , putting to the customer and getting feedback from them.References BBC News (2011) Qamp;A: Whats the BA dispute about. [Online] Available at: bbc. co. uk/news/business-11868081 [Accessed: 18May 2013]. Britishairways. com (2009) British Airways 2009/10 Annual Report and Accounts. [Online] Available at: britishairways. com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0910/our_business/strategy5. html [Accessed: 24 May 2013]. Barney J – Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, 4th Edition (Pearson Education, 2010) ISBN 0132479060 Bottom of Form

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Definition and Examples of Synecdoche

Definition and Examples of Synecdoche Synecdoche (pronounced si-NEK-di-key) is a trope or  figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCs for alphabet) or (less commonly) the whole is used to represent a part (England won the World Cup in 1966). Adjective: synecdochic, synecdochical,  or synecdochal. In rhetoric, synecdoche is often treated as a type of  metonymy. In semantics, synecdoches have been defined as turns of meaning within one and the same semantic field: a term is represented by another term, the extension of which is either semantically wider or semantically narrower (Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, 2009). Etymology From the Greek, shared understanding Examples and Observations Thomas Macaulays Use of SynecdocheIn many of the stories [British historian Thomas] Macaulay told he insinuated a more vivid sense of shared Englishness, as when he presented a few Devonian rustics as the English people, forming the most favourable opinion of Williams piety after he landed with his invading army. Apart from anaphora and hyperbole, synecdoche may be Macaulays favorite trope. To brand his version of English nationality into his readers minds, he artfully selected the parts he conflated with the whole nation.Synecdochic Characters and Concepts- Synecdoches are ways in which we construct our understanding of the whole, although we only have access to the part. Synecdoches are part of our general cultural heritage and exist in literature as well as science. Archetypes, mythic characters, gods and goddesses have all been viewed as synecdochical, as have some literary characters, such as Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Desdemona, Romeo, Juliet, Jane Eyre, and Willy Loman. Metonymy and Synecdoche- [I]t is often difficult to distinguish between metonymy and synecdoche. Plastic credit card is a case of synecdoche because credit cards are made from plastic, but it is also metonymic because we use plastic to refer to the whole system of paying by means of a prearranged credit facility, not just the cards themselves. In fact, many scholars do not use synecdoche as a category or term at all.Synecdoche in the NewsThe daily press, the immediate media, is superb at synecdoche, at giving us a small thing that stands for a much larger thing. Reporters on the ground, embedded or otherwise, can tell us about or send us pictures of what happened in that place at that time among those people. The overarching theory rationalizing the great expense and effort that goes into those little stories is they somehow give us access to the big story, the big picture, what is really going on...Synecdoche in Song LyricsSome common forms of synecdoche are exemplified by these [s ong] titles: Take Back Your Mink (raw material for finished product); Rum and Coca Cola (trade name for generic product); Love Me, Love My Pekinese (species for genus); Willie, Mickey, and the Duke (nickname/first name/last name for person/thing); Woodstock (place for event). Synecdoche in Films In photographic and filmic media a close-up is a simple synecdochea part representing the whole. . . . Synecdoche invites or expects the viewer to fill in the gaps and advertisements frequently employ this trope. Also Known As Intellectio, quick conceit Sources (Robert E Sullivan,  Macaulay: The Tragedy of Power. Harvard University Press, 2009)(Laurel Richardson,  Writing Strategies: Reaching Diverse Audiences. Sage, 1990)(Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon,  Introducing Metaphor. Routledge, 2006)(Bruce Jackson, Bringing It All Back Home.  CounterPunch, Nov. 26, 2003)(Sheila Davis,  Successful Lyric Writing. Writers Digest Books, 1988(Daniel Chandler,  Semiotics: The Basics. Routledge, 2002)

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Madness and Insanity in A rose for Emily Research Paper

Madness and Insanity in A rose for Emily - Research Paper Example The short story also, in addition, puts an emphasis on the long history of adamant societal limitations and restrictions that are set down on females, which became another factor for her suppression. Furthermore, the Griersons showed a refusal to concede to the changing times. They remained stuck in the past of their wealth and nobility that fueled the story’s plot. According to a journal written by John Skinner, Emily represented "a refusal to submit to, or concede, the inevitability of change." (Skinner 42) All in all, these subthemes altogether play a bigger role in its distressing representation of uncharacteristic mental behavior and implications that are displayed in the dark secluded demesne of Emily Grierson. The restrictions and limitations insisted on on the young aristocrat, along with the refusal to change, caused her to be extremely secluded and isolated from the rest of the world around her and later on, instigated her apparent psychological instability. Emily Gr ierson is the archetypal outcast that hides her true identity away from the society; locking herself into the house that symbolized the august Old South and that clearly represented the idleness of Emily’s life as everyone else was progressing and moving forward. The house, which shelters Emily from the community, becomes a strong evidence of the woman’s withdrawn mentality. The house plays an important role in the short story because not only does it indicate Emily’s mental condition, it also becomes a facade of the living past for which Emily is trapped inside and it is only in her passing away that the entire society is given the opportunity to gain access and view of what Emily has been doing alone in that house for years since her father’s death. When the house is finally opened up, it confirms what the people in the neighborhood had been observing and presuming about her. What occurred inside of that house strongly showed the progressive insanity th at encroached her life as she lived alone, separated from the outside. Indeed, her tragic and forced isolation and reclusion in that house could have caused the madness that destroyed her. Stuart Grassin’s journal gives a psychiatric explanation for this. It is written that when one is secluded and experience intense monotony, â€Å"after a time, the individual becomes increasingly incapable of processing external stimuli, and often becomes â€Å"hyperresponsive† to such stimulation. For example, a sudden noise or the flashing of a light jars the individual from his stupor and becomes intensely unpleasant. Over time the very absence of stimulation causes whatever stimulation is available to become noxious and irritating. Individuals in such a stupor tend to avoid any stimulation, and withdraw progressively into themselves and their own mental fog.† (Grassin 327) Emily’s father played a very important role in the story as he was the man who mainly controll ed most of Emily’ life and decided for her while he was still alive. As written in the story, the people â€Å"had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.†